The distributions of composition, phase-and microstructure were examined respectively by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

分别用电子探针（EPMA）、X衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）查证了其组分、相结构和显微结构的梯度分布。

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The atomization mechanism of europium nitrate on graphite probe surface in graphite furnace was investigated experimentally by X-ray diffraction spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry.

用x -射线衍射分析与X -射线光电子能谱分析研究了硝酸铕在石墨炉内石墨探针表面原子化机理。

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The interaction between the cerium and tin in steel was studied by vacuum induction melting, Xray diffraction, optical microscopy, electronic probe microscopy analysis, and microhardness tester.

采用中频真空感应熔炼炉、X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜、电子探针、显微硬度计等实验分析方法，研究了稀土金属铈与低熔点金属锡在钢中的相互作用。

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