Whether achievement testing has positive or negative backwash effect on foreign language teaching and learning has always been a topic for discussion and study in the testing field.
沈阳体育学院现行体育英语专业高年级精读课考试没有最大限度提高正面反拨效应，且不利于学生能力培养。
An effective way to make the backwash effect of the test positive is to improve its validity.
提高测试效度是使测试反拨作用趋于积极的有效手段。
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