These artifacts must always be at hand before, during and after a project, because they offer a primary point of reference for planning, design, implementation, maintenance, and optimization methods.

在项目开始之前、进行期间以及结束之后，这些工件必须始终记在心里，因为它们提供了规划、设计、实施、维护及优化方法参考的要点。

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Specific methods include: Market research, User research, Managing and planning and Design research groups.

这个阶段常用的具体方法包括：市场研究，用户研究，管理与规划和设计研究小组。

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Pilot study on the design and planning of the City East entrance landscape in Zhangzhou is to further clarify the concept, principles and methods of application.

通过对漳州市城市东入口的景观规划设计的试验性研究，来进一步说明这些理念、原则与方法的运用。

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