Worn surface morphology and element chemistry configuration of steel ball were analyzed by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪观察分析了磨损表面形貌和元素化学形态。

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the structure and composition.

利用扫描电子显微镜(sem)、透射电子显微镜(tem)和X射线光电子谱(XPS)对样品的形貌、结构及组份进行表征。

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The surface morphology and the component of the film has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS).

并利用扫描电子显微镜(sem)和x -射线光电子谱(XPS)对薄膜的形貌和组分进行了表征。

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