Collective translation in the period is a case in point of the extreme manipulation of the patronage.
该时期的集体翻译,是赞助人极端操控的典型例证。
参考来源 - 操控理论视角观照下当代中国的外国文学翻译研究（1949The patronage's influence was reflected in both institution and person's manipulation.
赞助者即可以是机构,也可以是人。
参考来源 - 从勒菲维尔的操控理论看曾译《荆棘鸟》Apart from taking implied reader into consideration, the translator has other demands to meet, among which are patronage, poetics and the SL text.
同时,译者在行使职责时,也受到除读者以外其他因素的影响和制约。 本文认为主要有主顾、诗学和源语作品这三方面的因素。
参考来源 - 译者在文学翻译中的角色Patronage is a third factor that manipulated his novel-translation, which means the manipulation of his novel-translation by the publisher and the reader.
除了意识形态和诗学,赞助者是操纵林纾小说翻译的又一因素,这说明林纾的翻译决策有时受制于出版商和读者。
参考来源 - 林纾小说翻译研究Apart from taking implied reader into consideration, the translator has other demands to meet, among which are patronage, poetics and the SL text.
同时,译者在行使职责时,也受到除读者以外其他因素的影响和制约。 本文认为主要有主顾、诗学和源语作品这三方面的因素。
参考来源 - 译者在文学翻译中的角色·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
同义词： backing backup championship
同义词： condescension disdain
"even before noon there was a considerable patronage"
同义词： trade
以上来源于: WordNet
N-UNCOUNT Patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity. 赞助
...government patronage of the arts in Europe.
…在欧洲政府对艺术的资助。
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