The author tries to explain the limitation of passive input and the four reasons of pragmatic failures: pragmatic structure of discourse, speech rules, politeness strategy and indirect speech act.

语用失误的原因较多，作者从话语语用结构，说话规则，礼貌原则和间接言语行为四方面解释受试者的语用失误，并进一步分析被动输入在解决这类失误方面的局限性。

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At present, including the passive input HIV-specific antibodies or cells, cytokines, such as regulation of the immune phase of immunotherapy being developed, clinical results have not been positive.

目前，包括被动输入HIV特异的抗体或细胞，细胞因子调节免疫等免疫疗法正在研发阶段，在临床上尚未获得肯定的结果。

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Finally, the author proposes that language acquisition is a multi-natured process, in which some factors can be acquired by passive input while others need learners' cognition.

最后，作者提出语言学习是一个多性质的过程，有些因素是输入可以解决的，而有些需要认知的参与。

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As OEMs also look to implement more flexible input options for consumers, the Synaptics ClearPad 3400 allows simultaneous pen and finger touch recognition, passive pen tracking with pinpoint accuracy, and linearity and jitter control that functions with any number of fingers and styluses as small as 2mm.

ENGADGET: Synaptics launches a pair of mobile touchscreens at MWC 2013