In the late Middle Ages, it was customary to scrape away the surface of the parchment with an abrasive, which completely wiped out any writing that was there.

在中世纪后期，人们习惯用磨料刮去羊皮纸的表面，把纸上的所有文字都擦得干干净净。

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Those early tales were carried down through oral tradition, but almost as soon as writing was invented, they began to be captured for eternity through stone carvings, and later on parchment.

那些早期的故事来自当地的传统，但是文字一经发明，它就开始永久地被使用在石头雕刻上，以及随后的羊皮纸上。

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A manuscript typically of papyrus or parchment that has been written on more than once with the earlier writing incompletely erased and often legible.

重写本尤指纸莎草纸或羊皮纸的底稿，已被写了不止一次，以前写的东西已被不完全擦掉，通常是清晰易读的。

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In gold writing on purple parchment, the 10th-century Holy Roman Emperor Otto I asserts his veto power over the election of new pontiffs.

WSJ: Lux in Arcana | Capitoline Museum | The Papacy's Private Papers | By Francis X. Rocca