Treating pain in a limb that does not exist is harder still.

要治疗这些不存在的肢体上的疼痛就更难上加难。

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According to a new study from University of Southern California, even missing a limb will not stop your brain from understanding what it is like for someone else to experience pain in that limb.

通过南加利福尼亚大学的研究表明，即使失去一只手臂也不会阻止大脑产生理解别人在类似情况下承受疼痛的同情心。

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With this hypothesis in mind, she reckoned that another way to treat phantom-limb pain might be to prevent pain memories from forming in the first place.

根据这个假设，她构想另一种治疗途径应该是在一开始就防止形成关于疼痛的记忆。

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You don't need your brain for newborn sucking, limb flexation in withdrawal from pain.

新生儿吸吮乳汁无需大脑的参与,疼痛时的四肢回缩无需大脑参与

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Researchers at the University of Manchester are turning to virtual reality once again, not to have another go 'round at proving whether telepathy is real or not, but to help individuals with amputated limbs recover from so-called "phantom limb pain, " a sensation wherein amputees appear to feel pain in their lost limb.

ENGADGET: Researchers turn to VR to treat phantom limb pain

His work in neurology has helped patients with phantom limb pain, a particularly cruel affliction for people who have lost an arm or a leg.

FORBES: Getting Inside V. S. Ramachandran's Head

He was decades into his professional career when he began to see large numbers of patients who were suffering from mysterious conditions associated with lower back, neck, trunk, and limb pain.

FORBES: How America's Best Pain Doctor - John Sarno - Took On The Medical Establishment and Won