...纷纷出现“demutualize”的趋势，即保险公司由原来的保单持有人(policyholders)共有转变为一个由外部股东(outside shareholders)所有的股份公司，而且允许保险公司发行股份这往往是增加其资本的一种途径。
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outside big shareholder 外部大股东
It's difficult for the outside shareholder to find what the ultimate owner wants to do for the complex ownership structure. The agency problem between the ultimate owner and the outside owner is even worse.
复杂的所有权结构使得终极控制人的控制权和现金流权分离,加剧了控制性股东与外部股东之间的代理问题。
参考来源 - 终极控制权下的公司治理与盈余管理·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
When companies start investing shareholder cash in projects far outside their core businesses, it raises serious questions about focus.
当一家公司开始将股东的资金投入与本身核心业务毫无关系的项目上时，有关其业务专注度的疑问也随之浮现。
Will each of the co-founders be signing some sort of contract with the company (outside of the shareholder agreement)?
需要考虑的问题是，联合创始人是否要与公司签订除了股份协议之外的某种合同？
Shipping resources around the world hasn't done much for the quality of life anywhere yet, outside of creating shareholder value.
除了为股东创造价值之外，世界各地的航运资源并未对人们的生活质量作出多少贡献。
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