...实现或维持积极的社会认同(social identity)来提高自尊,积极的自尊来源于在内群体(in-groups)与相关的外群体(out-groups)的有利比较。当社会认同受到威胁时个体会采用各种策略来提高自尊。
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Thus the estimated divergence time of Fringillidae and Emberizidae is 8.0 million years, Muscicapidae and Turnidae 8.0 Myr, Aegithalidae and Sylviidae 9.3 Myr, Coccothraustinae and Carduelinae 7.3 Myr, Pallas's rosefinch and long-tailed rosefinch 5.0 Myr, two outgroups 12.4 Myr.
而两个外群的分歧时间在12.4百万年左右。
参考来源 - 21种雀形目鸟类细胞色素b基因序列分析及其系统发育研究·2,447,543篇论文数据,部分数据来源于NoteExpress
But important questions remain, he says. For example, male humpback whales sometimes sing as they move in and out of competitive groups, but researchers don't know what role the songs play in mating.
但重要的问题还是,他说,比如,雄性驼背鲸有时候在进入或离开一个竞争性群体时唱歌,但研究者不清楚唱歌在其中起什么作用。
存在三大主要集团。
But industry groups point out that gas looks attractive compared to the alternatives.
不过,业界团体认为比起其他可替代能源,天然气还是蛮有吸引力的。
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