Because it allows precise control of the activation or silencing of genetic traits, Dr Greenland and others are testing their molecular switches on such properties as insect or fungal resistance.
Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca and others are testing drugs that would reduce inflammation indirectly by raising the "good" HDL cholesterol that helps the body pump fat out of the arteries.
While school boards in Kingston, Saratoga Springs, New Paltz and other districts have adopted largely symbolic resolutions opposing high-stakes testing, others have scheduled pep rallies to stoke enthusiasm for the tests.