Excess capacity is a characteristic of natural monopoly or monopolistic competition.

过剩产能是自然垄断或垄断竞争的一个特点。

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So the conclusion of this article is the number of TNCs in the host country and the openness policy determine the market structure, the monopolistic or oligopolistic.

文章同时指出，垄断或寡占竞争市场格局的形成取决于东道国市场的开放度以及竞争者之间的实力对比。

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If competitive pressure is falling, monopolistic and monopsonistic - sole-buyer - positions will either emerge or strengthen.

如果竞争压力在下降，垄断和独买(买方垄断)的格局要么会出现、要么会巩固。

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If nothing else, reflect on this: as the century shows, it is a humbler way of going about things than by following the conceited blueprints of politicians, the hubris of monopolistic businessmen, or the arrogance of scientists.

ECONOMIST: Liberty, equality, humility

Many industries also enjoy a higher degree of visibility than the broader economy, such as healthcare where innovative products and inelastic demand can create monopolistic market positions which persist for a decade or more.

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