What can be more effective are techniques that psychologists often use with the most difficult kids, including children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

心理学家常对最棘手的孩子(包括有注意缺陷多动障碍和对立违抗性障碍的孩子)使用的技巧是比较有效的。

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To be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, a child must meet criteria spelled out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

CNN: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Now, the first study of its kind has found that most are psychologically healthy, though they're at "slightly increased risk" for behavioral problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or oppositional defiant disorder.

NPR: Adopted Teens Face Higher Risk for ADHD