The Opium Wars 林则徐
Shanghai and Ningbo were opened after the First Opium War.
第一次鸦片战争后，上海与宁波相继开埠通商。
参考来源 - 五口通商以来沪甬的外贸与移民（1843The Principles and the Aim The purpose of this paper is to study military thought of ethnic minorities in noithern China from Qin and Han dynasty to the Opium War.
选题的指导思想及目的：本文是研究自秦汉时期至鸦片战争以前的中国古代北方少数民族军事思想。
参考来源 - 中国古代北方少数民族军事思想研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
N-PLURAL two wars (1839–42; 1856–60) between China and Britain resulting from the Chinese refusal to allow the importation of opium from India. China ceded Hong Kong after the British victory in 1842. The British and French victory in the second war established free trade in Chinese ports and the legalization of the opium trade 鸦片战争
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