Refractory pathological memory on opioid will be generated in animals after chronic opioid treatment, which revealed the participation of learning and memory in opioid dependence.

阿片长期处理能够造成动物对阿片产生顽固性的病理性记忆，表明学习记忆参与了阿片依赖过程。

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Especially, some of them show biphasic modulation on opioid functions, which enhance opioid analgesia, but inhibit tolerance to and substance dependence on opioids.

特别是有些药物能对阿片功能产生双向调节作用，即增强阿片镇痛，对抗阿片耐受和躯体依赖。

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Late last month, Reckitt Benckiser created a stir by unexpectedly announcing that its Suboxone tablet for treating opioid dependence will be withdrawn from the US market sometime over the next six months.

FORBES: Reckitt's Suboxone Strategy Is Really About Patients Or Profits?

It also confirms an earlier, smaller study, published as a letter in the New England Journal of Medicine last July, which tracked 2, 566 patients with opioid dependence before and after the introduction of the new OxyContin.

FORBES: Is The Era Of OxyContin Abuse Over?