There is one area where fine-grained authorization models are ubiquitous and well-understood: the operating system.

存在这样一个区域，其中细粒度授权模型是普遍存在的和众所周知的：即操作系统。

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Because the operating system is of little help in this respect, Apache programmers have implemented their own authorization subsystem.

由于操作系统在这方面帮不上什么忙，所以Apache程序员实现了他们自己的授权子系统。

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Article 139.when operating brokerage business, securities companies shall prepare uniform certificates of authorization for securities transaction for use by the clients.

第一百三十九条证券公司办理经纪业务，应当置备统一制定的证券买卖委托书，供委托人使用。

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"Not only was a large volume (11 out of 47 systems) of OPM's IT systems operating without a valid Authorization, but several of these systems are among the most critical and sensitive applications owned by the agency, " Michael Esser, OPM's assistant inspector general for audits, wrote in testimony prepared for committee.

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