An open canopy allows sunlight to filter down and reach normal-scale alders, maples, sword ferns and tiny, purple wild irises.

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This immense canopy will open instantaneously and must absorb an impulse of almost 30 tonnes.

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The total acreage taken up by the pipelines, wind projects and related development isn't that large, but the open spaces they create allow predators and invasive species to permeate a canopy of trees that once kept them at bay.

WSJ: Northeast drilling boom threatens forest wildlife