The human studies all are observational, showing only an association between cellphone use and cancer, not a causal relationship.

在人类身上做的研究都是观测性的。结果表明，使用手机与癌症有一定联系，但不是因果关系。

youdao

It's also possible that diet is not the cause; the research showed only an association between food choices and health factors, not cause-and-effect.

也有可能饮食不是原因；这项研究只是显示食物选择和健康因素之间的关联，而不是因果关系。

youdao

But the first two were observational and found only an association between such low sodium intake and cardiovascular risk, not a cause-and-effect relationship.

前两项研究属于观察性研究，仅发现低钠摄入量与心血管疾病风险存在一种联系，但并非因果关系。

youdao

There is no cause and effect relationship-only an association at this time.

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Critics of the newer research say that the idea that running can harm the heart is based on research showing only an association meaning that exercise may not be the cause of the problem.

WSJ: Endurance Sports: Studies on Older Endurance Athletes Suggest the Fittest Reap Few Health Benefits

At this time, it can only represent an association, but may not be the only cause attributable to the increased injury rates observed.

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