Many payouts are low -- $100 to $500, which might not pay for a semester's worth of books or beer -- and the amount of work required to apply is often substantial.

许多获得的奖学金金额很低，只有100~500美元，这些钱甚至不够一个学期的书费或者是喝啤酒的钱，而为了申请这样的奖学金所做的工作却是相当多。

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Those of you who read the newsletter regularly know that I'm a fan of Carlson's brand fish oil and cod liver oil as I have seen clear and often substantial improvements in my patients who use it.

那些经过定期简讯知道我是个扇卡尔森品牌鱼油、鱼肝油、我已清楚看到，我常常大幅度改善病人使用。

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In Mumbai, the commercial capital, more than 8m people now live in shantytowns, often paying substantial rent for the privilege.

在孟买商业中心，8百多万人住在贫民窟，经常要支付大量的租金。

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Such state incentives are widespread, and often substantial, but they don't do much to attract jobs.

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Yet, in this behavior, as in other areas of life, there is a gap, often a substantial one, between what people say and what they actually do.

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In addition to having to make up for often very substantial, but contingent equity, pension and other values left behind, the board wants, by definition, someone who is successful where he or she is and more often than not needs to be induced to change course.

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