Off-chip memory latency is mainly determined by DRAM latency, and memory bandwidth is determined by data transfer rate through the memory bus.

片外存储系统的访存延迟主要由DRAM延迟决定，带宽则是由内存总线的数据传输率所决定。

youdao

Since memory is the primary place to store the data, the most effective way to against attack is the protection of off-chip memory, i. e. confidentiality protection and integrity protection.

鉴于存储器是数据最主要的驻留场所，因此，防范攻击首要的是对处理器的片外存储器进行保护，其关键技术手段包括存储器的机密性和完整性保护。

youdao

Whereas creating a memory-chip industry is mostly a matter of buying fabrication equipment off the shelf, classier chips require lots of well-trained engineers, research and technology partners elsewhere in the computer industry.

ECONOMIST: Semiconductors