Energy provision is usually estimated from estimates of substrate-level phosphorylation and glycolytic flux.

通常根据底物水平的磷酸化和糖酵解通量的估计来估计能量供应。

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The rate of substrate change is dependent of substrate concentration.

被酶作用物变化速率取决于被酶作用物的浓度。

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It showed that the nature of substrate and the thickness of the film were important to the emissivity.

结果表明，基板选择和薄膜厚度是影响发射率的重要因素。

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The paper thus acted as the dielectric between the components of each transistor, as well as being the substrate for the circuit, in the same way that the base of a silicon chip acts both as substrate and as dielectric.

ECONOMIST: A new use for a common material

The panel is built using Samsung's existing manufacturing processes, only instead of using a glass substrate for the TFT it uses resin, which results in a tiny reduction in thickness (fro 0.5mm to 0.44mm), but a huge reduction in weight from 130g to just 28g, excluding backlights.

CNN: Samsung teases 10-Inch Galaxy Tab

The consortium's technology builds its transistors inside a sliver of pure silicon, laid on top of an insulator, which in turn sits on top of a standard wafer, the substrate on which transistors are constructed.

ECONOMIST: Transistors