Energy provision is usually estimated from estimates of substrate-level phosphorylation and glycolytic flux.

通常根据底物水平的磷酸化和糖酵解通量的估计来估计能量供应。

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It has the advantage of accuracy, rapidity, non touching and is suitable for measuring the temperature of substrate in vacuum coating plants.

它具有测量准确、反应速度快、非接触等特点，尤其适用于测量真空镀膜中基板的温度。

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The concentration of substrate was nearly linear with the reaction time.

底物浓度与反应时间存在近似的线性关系。

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The paper thus acted as the dielectric between the components of each transistor, as well as being the substrate for the circuit, in the same way that the base of a silicon chip acts both as substrate and as dielectric.

ECONOMIST: A new use for a common material

The panel is built using Samsung's existing manufacturing processes, only instead of using a glass substrate for the TFT it uses resin, which results in a tiny reduction in thickness (fro 0.5mm to 0.44mm), but a huge reduction in weight from 130g to just 28g, excluding backlights.

CNN: Samsung teases 10-Inch Galaxy Tab

The consortium's technology builds its transistors inside a sliver of pure silicon, laid on top of an insulator, which in turn sits on top of a standard wafer, the substrate on which transistors are constructed.

ECONOMIST: Transistors