One of the first principles of probability theory is called the multiplication rule.

概率论的基本原理之一叫做乘法法则。

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Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards.

20世纪早期的生物学家也得出了类似的结论，不过他们从概率的角度对其进行了限定，称没有理由可以说明进化不能倒退。

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I want to start with the concept of probability.

我想从概率的概念开始讲起。

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For each country, researchers estimated the probability that a fifteen-year-old today will die an early death before the age of sixty.

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So the probability of having an electron at the nucleus in terms of probability per volume is very, very high.

在单位体积内发现,一个电子的概率非常非常大。

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The mathematical theory of probability was unknown until that time and you can see that insurance suddenly made an appearance at that time.

在那之前,概率的数学理论,是不存在的,而随着概率论的出现,保险业也突然出现了

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Like the Martian dreams of most Earthlings, it seemed beyond all bounds of probability.

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Also, anybody with a basic understanding of probability can prove mistakes are unlikely to even themselves out.

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Mathematicians frame this issue in terms of probability -- that is, the likelihood that something will happen.

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