Hence, any heat provided by the ocean to this interface will lead to thinning of the ice in summer and to slower ice growth in winter.

因此，海洋向这交界面提供的所有热量都会导致冰面在夏季的减少以及在冬季形成速度的减缓。

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Open ocean reflects less of the Sun's energy than ice does, so a large-scale summer melt would mean more absorption of heat in the ocean.

开阔的大洋对太阳造成的影响比海冰大，所以大规模的夏季融化将意味着海洋吸收了更多的热量。

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The findings add another wrinkle to a problem climate scientists have been warning about since the record melt of 2007: after each summer meltback, the Arctic Ocean refreezes completely in winter.

这个结果在原有的基础上，给气候问题增加了另一个新的曲折。 自2007年融化的冰的面积创纪录，气候科学家们已经警告：每年夏季反复融化冻结后，北冰洋在冬天冰会完全冻结的。

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"Experts predict that by 2080 or possibly earlier, the ice in the Arctic Ocean will disappear completely during the summer months unless we cut our carbon emissions considerably, " he said.

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For a number of reasons, computer models with added atmospheric carbon dioxide preferentially warm the mid-and high-latitude land areas of the northern hemisphere that are ice-free, which also enhances summer melting of the relatively shallow ice in the Arctic Ocean.

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