Under Spain's favourable tax laws, temporary non-Spanish residents are taxed at 24%, with minimal social security contributions, as compared to the top rate of 43% for Spanish nationals.

西班牙税法十分优惠，非西班牙国籍的临时居民按24%征收所得税，再缴纳数额很小的社会保险费，相比之下，西班牙公民的最高税率能达到43%。

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The costs of going green can be "minimal to non-existent if a sustainability policy is carefully thought out and cleverly implemented," Kaestner says.

成本在变绿之后就变得很少了，如果一个可持续性的政策是经过深思熟虑，并巧妙地实施了，就几乎可以忽略成本了。Kaestner说。

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Winemaking techniques are a factor also as are the viticultural techniques of the vineyard, such as dry irrigation or minimal or non use of pesticides.

酿酒技术和葡萄栽培技术一样，也是其中一个因素，如干灌溉或尽量少使用杀虫剂或不使用杀虫剂。

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At the same time, the state has taken in two million people, mostly non- or minimal taxpayers who are newborns or immigrants, legal and illegal.

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Reported benefits of gender-mixed basic training range from non-existent to minimal at best.

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However, because this type of default is expected to be short-lived, and the expected loss to holders of Treasury bonds would be minimal or non-existent, the rating would most likely be downgraded to somewhere in the Aa range.

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