If the economic growth and monetization were included in our model the tax rate of seigniorage would be the sum of the contribution rate of growth, the rate of monetization and the nominal rate.

如果考虑经济增长和货币化过程，铸币税的税率等于经济增长贡献率、货币化速度、和名义利率的加总。

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Legislation to increase the country's rate of consumption tax, enacted last August, states that the government must try to achieve nominal economic growth of about 3 per cent and real growth of about 2 per cent -- implying inflation of about 1 per cent -- before going ahead with the tax hikes.

CNN: Bank of Japan bows to inflation pressure