In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference—"noise"—intact.

在这个过程中，他发现了一些令人惊讶的现象：保证信息能通过随机干扰——“噪音”——并完好无损地传递出去是完全有可能的。

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In the real world, the random noise is often more subtle and various-a hundred little things rather than one big thing.

在现实世界中，随机噪声往往是更加微妙和多变的，它有可能体现为一百个微小事件而不一个大事件。

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In most situations, this cognitive wiring helps us: it enables us to pick important information out of a background of random noise.

在大多数情况下，这种认知接线方式可以帮助我们：它使我们能在随机嘈杂背景下挑选出重要信息。

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But the new study uses a different form of stimulation, known as transcranial random noise stimulation (TRNS), which applies randomly fluctuating currents (within certain parameters) to the head.

FORBES: Electrical Stimulation Might Improve The Brain's Capacity For Math

Six months later, when participants were contacted again and asked to solve calculations, researchers found that the group which had received five days of transcranial random noise stimulation showed "superior long-term performance, compared to sham controls".

BBC: Brain stimulation promises 'long-lasting' maths boost

But he said transcranial random noise stimulation could help more people because it had the potential to improve the ability to add, subtract or multiply a string of numbers in your head - not just new number learning.

BBC: Brain stimulation promises 'long-lasting' maths boost