In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference—"noise"—intact.

在这个过程中，他发现了一些令人惊讶的现象：保证信息能通过随机干扰——“噪音”——并完好无损地传递出去是完全有可能的。

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But the new study uses a different form of stimulation, known as transcranial random noise stimulation (TRNS), which applies randomly fluctuating currents (within certain parameters) to the head.

FORBES: Electrical Stimulation Might Improve The Brain's Capacity For Math

Six months later, when participants were contacted again and asked to solve calculations, researchers found that the group which had received five days of transcranial random noise stimulation showed "superior long-term performance, compared to sham controls".

BBC: Brain stimulation promises 'long-lasting' maths boost

But he said transcranial random noise stimulation could help more people because it had the potential to improve the ability to add, subtract or multiply a string of numbers in your head - not just new number learning.

BBC: Brain stimulation promises 'long-lasting' maths boost