(p.65) • 为保证对方的负面面子不受威胁，说话人就要 有负面的礼貌策略(negative-politeness strategies)。这就是说，说话人要通过道歉、贬 己、勉强而为、含糊其辞、消极无奈等途径来 维护啊听话人的面子，使其行为不至于受到阻 碍和干...
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negative politeness strategies 消极性礼貌策略 ; 负面礼貌策略
Negative politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by showing deference. These strategies include questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions.
消极礼貌策略旨在表示尊敬以避免冒犯，其中包括：询问、说话留余地、用提议的方式表示反对。
The strategies of negative politeness include: minimizing the imposition, giving options, and using honorifics.
负面礼貌策略包括：把对受邀者的强加降到最低，提供选择，使用尊敬语。
All these pragmatic functions conveyed by tag questions could be explained as either negative or positive politeness strategies.
这些功能可以被认为是实现了积极礼貌策略或消极礼貌策略。
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