合适性(appropriateness)和共知性(mutual knowledge)是语 用前提的两个最重的特征。前者指语用前提要和语境紧密结合,后者 指语用前提必须是谈话双方所共知的。
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因为共同背景 是说话人和听话人的共有知识(mutual knowledge),是双方都知道的信 息,而信息预设是可能只有说话人知道的信息,说话人可能会在知道预 设不是共同背景的情况下还要预设它。
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此外社会科学还可表现--或 者说以话语的形式表现--常人行动者在其行为中以非话语的方式使用的共同知识(mutual knowledge)的方方面面。"共同知识"一词涵盖了各种各样使社会活动有意义的实践技能。
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mutual knowledge or common ground 共知性
mutual knowledge gaining 交互式知识获取
mutual knowledge acquiring 交互式知识获取
Mutual exchange of knowledge 相互交流知识
以上来源于: WordNet
The means to transmit mutual knowledge is how the context is constructed and changed in the verbal communication.
其中交际如何构建和改变语境是本文研究的重点。交际中如何传递相互知识即是如何构建语境。
That means the best approach is zero-based: at the outset of a new business relationship, assume a very low level of mutual knowledge, understanding and trust.
这说明建立信任最好还是要从零开始:在业务关系刚萌芽的时候,就假定双方在相互认识、相互了解和相互信任方面都处于极低的水平。
As for some disruptive activities due to lack of knowledge or understanding of China's policies, we are ready to strengthen communication, but only on the basis of mutual respect and equal treatment.
至于一些干扰破坏活动,我想如果有些人对中国的政策不了解、不理解,我们愿意与他们加强沟通、加强了解,但前提必须是相互尊重、平等相待。
So again, they both know that someone in the room has a pink hat on their head: it is mutual knowledge that there's a pink hat in the room.
但是他们都知道,至少有一个人戴着粉色帽子,至少有一顶粉色帽子是相互知识
Mutual knowledge doesn't imply common knowledge.
相互知识并不是公共知识
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