In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

在欧洲，税收占汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四，因此，即使是原油价格发生了相当大的波动，对油品价格的影响也比过去要更轻微。

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The disaster in Japan, for all the terrible suffering it has caused, looks set to have a more muted effect.

在日本经受了所有由其灾害引起的磨难之后，这一灾难所带来的影响也已经不言自明。

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And a 2005 study showed that even just looking at a picture of nature had a similar, though more muted effect.

与此同时，05年的一个研究表明即使是仅仅盯着一副自然风光画也能产生类似的、相对温和的效果。

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By over-billing this one, its now muted effect may be a strong argument for continuation.

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In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

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He tries at times, but the effect is muted at best.

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