The researchers also observed the interaction between children and their parents -- usually the mother -- as they did a task together or as the parent read a book to the child.

当孩子和父母（通常是母亲）共同参与同一件事情或家长读书给孩子听时，研究者同样观察了孩子与父母（通常是母亲）之间的互动

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Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.

母亲对这些信号的麻木，将会钝化这种互动的作用，因为孩子得不到鼓励就只能发出明显的信号。

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Studies have shown that interaction, father and children, when dealing with the mother - child of background and contrast, helps children to male and female role and attitude of understanding;

有研究表明，父亲与孩子的相互交往，在与母亲-孩子交往相衬托和对比的情况下，有助于孩子对男性和女性的作用和态度产生理解；

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Nonetheless, in a recent study by Harvard's Richard Murnane and co-authors, differences in mother-child interaction patterns like these were found to account for one-third of the black-white gap in math and English skills at the beginning of kindergarten -- and one-quarter at the end of third grade.

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