It was granted a monopoly on joint stock banking by Parliament in return for giving war loans to the government.

作为向政府给予战争贷款的交换,英格兰银行被英国国会授予,成为股份制银行的垄断者。

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The system was established as a trade-off that provides a public benefit: the state agrees to grant a limited monopoly to an inventor in return for disclosing how the technology works.

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The National Grid is privately owned, is a monopoly, and is highly regulated as to rates of capital return and so on.

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