It is shown that if the monopoly firms supply the same products, the price of first stage is larger than the discount value of the second's;

研究表明，若垄断厂商在不同阶段提供同质产品，则第一时段的价格要高于第二时段价格的贴现值；

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The theory of monopoly is applicable to such firms, although they may face an additional and important constraint: a price increase may affect the behavior of rivals.

垄断理论对这类公司也适用，虽然他们会多一个重要的限制条件，即涨价可能影响其竞争者的行为。

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Suppose a monopoly is formed, as was U.S. Steel, by financiers who succeed in buying up many of the existing firms.

假设一个垄断企业形成了，比如说美国钢铁公司，它通过连续收购多个其他钢铁企业而成。

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Now, in practice, this is not the only problem facing two firms who are trying to produce the monopoly output.

实际上 这并非两个想维持垄断产量的,企业需要面对的唯一问题

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

In practice, when firms try and have these agreements, which are not contracts, to try and produce joint monopoly output, what else goes wrong?

现实中,公司想要达成这样的协议,而非合同,想要维持垄断产量,还会遇到什么问题呢

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

But we'd like a model that yields an outcome that looks-- that when you only have two firms looks somewhere between monopoly and perfect competition.

但我们想要一个模型能带来这样的结果,即,当只有两家公司时,一个介乎于垄断和完全竞争之间的情形

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

Rather as in the economic sphere competing private companies tend to produce wealth and activity, whereas monopoly firms have the opposite effect, so in the religious sphere competing sects generate a ferment of activity and increased levels of belief, whereas state churches produce indifference.

ECONOMIST: Therapy of the masses

It has been less successful in reducing the monopoly power of those firms.

ECONOMIST: Charlemagne

Take telecoms: China's early decision to deregulate the sector and break up the state monopoly into four competing firms two fixed-line (China Telecom and China Netcom) and two mobile (China Mobile and China Unicom) was widely admired.

ECONOMIST: The scare stories��and the chaotic reality