However, recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and stem cell biology have provided scientists a new window onto the impact of toxic substances on the cellular and molecular level.

然而，最近分子生物学，遗传学和干细胞生物学方面的进步，已经为科学家在毒性物质对细胞和分子水平的影响方面提供了一个新窗口。

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This included genetic improvement of strains by protoplast fusion and molecular biology and studies on genetic variability by zymogram technology and molecular genetics.

其内容包括利用原生质体融合、基因工程等技术进行菌株遗传改良和利用酶谱分析、分子遗传学等技术研究其遗传变异。

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In recent years, studies on transcription factors have been paying a great deal of attention in the fields of plant molecular biology and molecular genetics.

近年来，转录因子逐渐成为分子遗传学和细胞分子生物学研究领域的重要内容。

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Several companies are already seeking to take advantage of the new field, called synthetic biology, which combines chemistry, computer science, molecular biology, genetics and cell biology to breed industrial life forms that can secrete fuels, vaccines or other commercial products.

WSJ: Scientists Create First Synthetic Cell

"This is the first evidence that myostatin regulates muscle mass in people as it does in other animals, " said Dr Se-Jin Lee, professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University and one of those involved in the study.

BBC: Myostatin controls the growth of muscles

Intersecting advances in cloning, genetics, instrumentation, and molecular and structural biology have allowed researchers to see beyond the exterior morphology of cells and tap their component molecules for solutions.

FORBES: Breakthrough Technologies For 2008