第二类现象则与所谓情态副词（modal adverb）有关。首先我们发现当「怎么 在「可能之前时，有两种解释：一问原因，如（12c）；一为反诘语气，有 否认的意味，如（12d）：...
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The modal adverb míngmíng derives from the ancient Chinese adjective míngmíng,as the result of the process of grammaticalization and subjectiviszation.
语气副词"明明"是由古汉语中的形容词"明明"虚化而来的,它的产生,既是一个语法化过程,也是一个主观化过程。
参考来源 - 语气副词“明明”的主观性和主观化Chapter 3 - The definition of the character of the modal adverb.
第三章情态副词的性质界定。
参考来源 - 现代汉语情态副词研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
This paper discusses the rule of sentence-making for the modal adverb "que-shi" from three aspects: 1. the freedom and context for making up a sentence with "que-shi";
本文探讨副词“确实”单独成句的规约，分三个角度：一、“确实”成句句法上的自由性、语境依赖性；
Chapter one adverb, describes the syntactic and semantic features of time adverb, scope adverb, mood adverb and modal adverb respectively, involving more than 50 common adverbs.
第一章为副词，描写时间、范围、语气、情态四个次类五十多个常用副词的句法语义特点。
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