Oil sand mining began in Alberta in 1967.That first mine is closest to the Athabasca River in the top image (1984).

阿伯达省的油砂矿开始于1967年，最早的矿井是上图（1984年）中离阿萨巴斯卡河最近的那个。

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Sand mining further erodes the coast, and ground water drainage to sustain human populations triggers land subsidence even as the sea level rises by around 5mm a year.

采砂业也在进一步侵蚀着河岸，而人类的地下水开采导致地面沉降，与此同时，海平面正以每年5毫米的速度上升。

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Instream sand mining can increase or decrease of the river sediment discharge.

河道采砂可能会增加河流的输沙，也可能会减少河流的输沙。

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According to RBM, the minerals removed from the sand through mining comprise about 5% of the dunes' total volume.

CNN: South Africa dune mining whips up sandstorm