One is Neptune Minerals, an Australian-based company that applied for a mining licence in 2008 for two deposits in about 1, 250 metres of water near the Kermadec islands off New Zealand.

在2008年，澳大利亚矿业公司，在离新西兰不远的克马德克群岛群岛附近水下1250米的地方，申请了两处采矿证。

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As a result, it was putting its mining licence in jeopardy, she told South African radio.

BBC: Amplats 'arrogant', says South Africa minister

Last year, for instance, a group of British and American investment funds beat off an attempt by the French government, for political reasons, to strip a French mining company in which they held shares of a licence to dig in Canada.

ECONOMIST: Minority shareholders

It's like paying a tariff for a long-term licence, explains the scion of an old mining house.

ECONOMIST: South African race relations