Unlike the earlier Qin fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth.

由于使用砖石及石头代替夯土，与早期秦长城相比，明长城更为坚固，技术更为复杂。

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Only a tiny segment of the Qin wall remains, which was a reinforced earth barrier unlike the imposing stone structure built by the Ming Dynasty some twelve centuries later.

秦朝长城现仅存一小段，秦朝长城是用土坯加固的，不像12个世纪后的明朝修建的长城是石头结构的。

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Oil paintings was introduced into china as a heterogeneous culture of western Countries, but it did not come into being one part of Chinese main culture during Ming and Qin Dynasty.

油画作为西方异质文化传入中国，历经明清两朝而未能进入中国主流文化；

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