After the routine anesthesia induction, nasotracheal intubation was performed with the GSVL, MDLS, and FOB, respectively.

常规麻醉诱导后，分别采用GSVL、MDLS或FOB实施经鼻气管插管操作。

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Conclusion The hemodynamic responses to nasotracheal intubation are most severe with FOB, followed by MDLS, and then GSVL.

结论 实施经鼻气管插管时的血流动力学反应在采用FOB时最强，MDLS次之，GSVL最轻。

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