The second one is a reduced model without maternal effects.

第二个模型只包括简单的加性和显性效应。

youdao

The reason may be the inter-individual variation in resource acquisition and the maternal effects.

这可能是由于这种相关性往往被资源获取能力的变异或者母体效应掩盖。

youdao

And research suggests that the effects of maternal depression on the fetus can lead to complications both during and after pregnancy.

而且研究表明，产妇抑郁对胎儿产生的影响可能会导致妊娠期内或之后的并发症。

youdao

Other factors which can reduce the effects of marginalization are improved early intervention and maternal health, the removal of school fees, the provision of teaching and learning materials, building schools closer to isolated communities, and improving teacher training.

UNESCO: WORLDWIDE