MADRID (MarketWatch) - European stock markets were trading mostly weaker on Friday, with many exchanges closed ahead of the Christmas holiday and volume thin.

欧洲股市周五开盘小幅走低，欧洲多国股市在圣诞假期前休市，交易量清淡。

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The unprecedented surge in competition has caused many exchanges to seek safety in size. Indeed, takeover speculation has sent the prices of shares in exchanges soaring (see chart 1).

这种空前的竞争浪潮使得一些交易所通过扩大规模来寻求安全。

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All along these four years, many exchanges have taken place, involving PhD students, post-docs and permanent staff.

四年内，进行了很多交流，包括博士生，博士后和工作人员。

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But now there are many options exchanges.

现在有许多期权交易所了

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The exchange developed into a very technical discussion, with regulations blamed for fragmenting the market into many exchanges.

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So many companies want access to so many exchanges that BT has turned to Electoral Reform Services (ERS) for help in sorting out the competing claims.

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And unlike the many exchanges of proffers and offers and immunity deals proposed but never signed between Ginsburg and Starr, this one was built to last.

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