The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce.

衰退始于20世纪50年代，当时制造业创造了28%的国民收入（国内生产总值），并且雇佣了三分之一的劳动力。

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In Peru 15% of gross income in extralegal manufacturing is paid out in bribes, says de Soto.

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In the San Francisco metropolitan area, where this shift has been pronounced over the past decade, computer and electronic-product manufacturing accounted for 11% of gross-domestic-product growth in the region from 2005 to 2010, outpacing all other industries.

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Since Akzo would be able to supply Wal-Mart from its existing manufacturing capacity, Barker estimates that the gross margin on Akzo's budget brand decorative paint would be an impressive 30%.

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