FFA is the final level of the IFA qualification and demonstrates competence in all aspects of financial management plus the strategic management skills.

FFA是IFA的最高资格证书，并且是对各个领域的财务管理能力和企业战略管理技能的证明。

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Organizations that do this well have a management hierarchy plus a less formal employee innovation network.

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What is included: portfolio management fees plus outlays for things like recordkeeping and running the phone lines, plus, to the extent they are billed to fund shareholders, marketing costs.

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Now Tze, Aquacopia's only full-time employee, navigates the fund, which has minority stakes in five holdings, and charges investors 2.5% on assets under management, plus a 20% cut of the capital gains.

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