Japanese firms are exposed to the full blast of competition from efficient suppliers in low labour-cost countries. That is something which does not seem to have been factored into the BoJ's thinking.

来自”低劳工成本”地区的高效的供应商令日本公司处于激烈竞争中，这一点大概是央行没有考虑到的。

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First, as companies and consumers around the world cut costs and trade down, the emerging giants' low-cost production models, based on cheap local Labour, provide even more of an advantage.

首先，由于全球企业削减成本，消费者减少消费，新兴大企业所采取的以当地廉价劳动力为基础的低成本生产模式使其占据了更多的优势。

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Cause of the high cost of materials, spare parts, equipment failure, low efficiency, increase use the Labour strength of the workers.

造成材料、配件费用高，故障多，设备使用效率低，增加了工人的劳动强度。

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At the same time, it has a big agricultural potential as well as the availability of low-cost labour.

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Bangladesh has one of the largest garment industries in the world, providing cheap clothing for major Western retailers which benefit from widespread low-cost labour.

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And at this level, China works if anything in the other direction, because thanks to its low-cost labour force it can pump out goods of all kinds a lot more cheaply than just about anyone else (intriguingly, it even has the market for sex aids sewn up).

ECONOMIST: Buttonwood