Both are known to be done poorly and with low grade cement.

FORBES: The Fracking Solution Is A Good Cement Job

And high-volume, low-value cement is not the sort of stuff in which you can expand just by exporting.

ECONOMIST: Cement

Although, average cement prices in Brazil are low, and foreign giants such as Switzerland's Holderbank and France's Lafarge have recently bought cement plants in the country, Votorantim can charge more than its competitors: it has a stranglehold (critics call it a monopoly) over the business in Sao Paulo, the largest and most profitable centre.

ECONOMIST: Votorantim