Thus, the implementation of closed-loop supply chain for enterprise can be of strategic importance and real economic significance.

由此可见，闭环供应链的实施对企业来说具有重要的战略意义和现实的经济意义。

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This paper studies the coordination strategy of closed-loop supply chain with retailer competition based on third-party collecting.

本文研究了在两零售商竞争环境下第三方负责回收的闭环供应链系统协调问题。

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In the opened-loop supply chain, there are new participants: producer responsibility organization (pro) and the third manufacturers.

在开环供应链中回收主体有生产者责任组织(PRO)、第三方生产商。

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In supply chains such a process is done by closing the loop by pairing the process of forward (forward supply chain) with reverse logistic (reverse supply chain).

FORBES: Could a closed-loop system be the solution to reducing waste?