Cylinder buckling is governed by imperfections in a structure and uncertainties in the loading of weight, and mathematical models can predict this behavior.

一个圆柱体外壳的曲度变形情况受到其本身的结构限制和不确定的外力影响，一般可以通过数据模型方程序测算出它的结果。

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The result showed that the attenuation of residual stress of autofrettaged thick-walled cylinder reached about 30% under cycle loading.

研究结果表明，厚壁筒自增强残余应力在循环载荷的作用下，残余应力衰减达到近30%。

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The stress and displacement distributions of the bellows under torsion loading are investigated by using both finite element method (FEM) and equivalent cylinder method.

本论文分别采用有限元法和等效圆筒法对波纹管在扭转载荷作用下的应力分布和位移变化情况进行了计算。

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