The other is the first step on the path to a particular sort of tissue such as the lining of a windpipe.

这一细胞在进化中首先会形成一个特殊的像气管内层一样薄膜组织。

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They could be employed, Mr Murphy suggests, to place liver cells on a pre-built, liver-shaped scaffold or to form layers of lining and connective tissue that would grow into a tooth.

根据墨菲先生的说法，它能被用来将肝细胞放置到一个有着肝形状的支撑上，或者是形成牙齿所需的层状结构及链接组织。

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Prostaglandins have several effects on the body. Some cause pain and the expansion, or swelling, of damaged tissue. Others protect the lining of the stomach and small intestine.

前列腺素对身体有很多影响。一部分能引起疼痛和和受损组织的扩张。另一部分就是保护胃壁和肠道壁。

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Another side effect of chronic heartburn is a condition known as Barrett's esophagus, which happens when there's a change in the cells of the tissue lining the bottom of the esophagus.

FORBES: Be Cool About Heartburn

When it is damaged -- sometimes congenitally, or as result of disease, pelvic fractures or other traumas -- it is usually replaced using tissue harvested from the lining of a patient's cheeks or using skin grafted from another area of the body, according to Atala.

CNN: Scientists 'seed' cells, make new organs