After de-layering in this way, a company may be left with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public.

通过这种方式减少层级后，公司可能只剩下最高层管理人员、一线管理人员和与公众直接接触的员工。

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They serve as the strategic “knot” that binds top management with front-line managers.

他们是连接最高管理层与一线管理者的关键“结点”。

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He adds that after all first-line managers have gone through the courses, he will need to spend more time and effort on the programme.

他补充说，在所有一线管理人员都完成课程后，他将需要花更多时间和精力在课程上。

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That's partly because there still aren't enough female line managers below Ms. Lovett, says TI's Ms. West.

WSJ: TI Battles a Line-Job Gender Gap

Indeed, the key to any engagement or employee recognition program is in the hands of front line managers.

FORBES: Employee Recognition: 5 Keys from Taj Hotels Resorts

"The most important thing is to persuade senior and line managers of the need for change, " says Ms Valentine.

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