Secondly it must have been able to quickly assemble a genetic molecule that could make copies of itself without the need for more elaborate bio-machinery like RNA and DNA -- that would evolve later.

其次它必须很快的生成遗传因子使得它能够自我复制，当然也不需要更多精心制造的”生物机器“——RNA,DNA什么的没那么早出现。

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Researchers have known for more than 20 years how so-called gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli degrade and recycle their RNA.

研究人员在20年前就已经发现了吉姆萨阴性细菌，例如大肠杆菌，可以降解并重新利用其核糖核酸。

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Other proteins, like the one Smolke and coauthor Maung Win used for their RNA device, glow green when exposed to a laser.

其他一些蛋白质，像斯默克和她的合著者马昂.温（Maung Win）在他们的RNA设备中使用那种蛋白质一样，在激光照射下会发出绿光。

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"When Darwin first proposed his theory in eighteen fifty-nine, he had no concept of a gene, no concept of a chromosome, no concept of mutation, and certainly no concept of things like DNA and RNA."

VOA: special.2009.12.01

DNA goes to RNA, goes to protein, that's it, and that is the way it happens in simple organisms like bacteria.

NA转录成RNA接着翻译成蛋白质,仅此而已,而这仅是细菌那样的简单有机体中的机制

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

RpoB is involved in translating DNA into RNA. Both, like the genes for ribosomal RNA, are old and ubiquitous.

ECONOMIST: A new domain of life

An antisense drug, designed to look like the original DNA, could interrupt that process by binding to a complementary stretch of RNA and destroying it.

FORBES: Antisense and Sensibility