Despite the crowds, the scale of the discounts being offered was still likely to leave takings down on last year as retailers brace themselves for a bruising 2009.

尽管人山人海，但折扣的幅度在去年的基础上仍有可能继续加大，而零售商只能自己承受惨淡的2009年。

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It is reflected in such speech ACTS as terms of address, greetings, leave-takings, requests and compliments and responses.

礼貌与言语行为密切相关，它直接体现在各种言语行为之中，如称谓语、招呼语、告别语、请求语、恭维语及回应等。

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